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Air-entrainment should be specified for all exterior concrete placed in environments subjected to freezing and thawing. Air-entraining admixtures provide freeze-thaw resistance and improved durability, along with finish ability enhancements and yield control. Air-entraining admixtures impart these benefits to concrete by purposely entraining microscopic air bubbles into the paste of the concrete.
The inclusion of 15-35% entrained air in CLSM improves flow ability, minimizes segregation and settlement, lowers unit weight (90-110 PCF), and controls ultimate strength development. In addition, air, gas and water permeability properties will improve as CLSM air contents increase.
Pre-pour planning and special precautions are required to assure successful placement of concrete in hot weather. These precautions may include lowering material temperatures, utilization of retarding admixtures, rapid transport and placement, and proper curing. See ACI Committee report 305 on Hot Weather Concreting.
At low temperatures, all concrete can potentially freeze. If it does not have sufficient strength before it freezes, permanent damage can occur. The use of chloride and non- chloride accelerating admixtures at high addition rates can help the concrete achieve sufficient early strength to prevent the damaging effects of freezing temperatures. The recommendations of ACI Committee report 306, Cold Weather Concreting should be followed.
A well designed, durable, low permeability concrete mix, with an appropriate water to cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) using a high range water reducer will provide some protection against corrosion of embedded metals due to the presence of chlorides. Additional protection can be obtained by further reducing the permeability of the concrete with the use of Force 10,000(R) microsilica admixture and including DCI(R) Corrosion Inhibitor for long term durability.
Designing low permeability concrete, utilization of low alkali cement, proper curing, and reductions of water flow to the concrete surface will minimize the potential for efflorescence. In addition, the use of a damp proofing product such as Darapel (R) can help reduce the incidence of efflorescence.
Keep concrete within recommended slump ranges, use properly air-entrained concrete, and use sufficient vibration for proper consolidation. The use of high range water reducer rather than water to produce high slumps will reduce the tendency for concrete to segregate.
